![]() ![]() Stockholm: ECDCĮuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2005) Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on a request from the commission related to Clostridium spp. Reporting on 2010 surveillance data and 2011 epidemic intelligence data. doi:10.3201/eid1803.102023Įuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2013) Annual Epidemiological Report 2012. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 77(Suppl 1):549–554ĭumyati G, Stevens V, Hannett GE, Thompson AD, Long C, Maccannell D, Limbago B (2012) Community-associated Clostridium difficile infections, Monroe County, New York, USA. Int J Food Microbiol 144(3):561–564ĭressler D, Saberi FA (2009) Botulinum Toxin: vom Medikament zum Toxin. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Servicesĭe Boer E, Zwartkruis-Nahuis A, Heuvelink AE, Harmanus C, Kuijper EJ (2011) Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in the Netherlands. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54:1201–1205Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013) Botulism Annual Summary, 2011. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48(6):373–383Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Severe Clostridium difficile–associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states. Raven Press, New York, pp 257–271īöhnel H, Schwagerick B, Gessler F (2001) Visceral botulism-a new form of bovine Clostridium botulinum toxication. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, Greenberg HB, Guerrant RL (eds) Infection of the gastrointestinal tract. LondonĪrnon S (1995) Chapter 19: Botulism as an intestinal toxemia. ![]() This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īdvisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (ACMSF) (1992) Report on vacuum packaging and associated processes. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. difficile, is not a decisive risk factor for an infection. However, scientific data suggest that the zoonotic potential of the organism might not be very high and the contact with contaminated food or animals, carrying C. the transmission via food or the classical way of zoonotic infection, the direct transmission between human and animal, is discussed controversially. An infection with Clostridium difficile can result in heavy diarrhea in humans and is supposed to infect also animals, but the zoonotic potential of these bacteria, e. However, currently there is no resilient evidence for this theory. During the last few years some scientists thought to have indications for a zoonotic transmission of an infective form of botulism, the so-called “chronic botulism”. Based on the classical foodborne transmission route, the European Union classified botulism as a zoonotic intoxication. Botulism is a typical intoxication, normally caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or animal feeding stuff or in rare cases by the bacterial contamination of deep wounds. in soil, dust or sludge, and also in the intestine of healthy humans and animals without causing any symptoms. They are regularly found in the environment, e. Clostridium spp., anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, are not commonly counted among the classical zoonotic agents. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |